Newton's First Law of Motion

Newton's First Law of Motion 

Countable and uncountable nouns with different meanings

Countable and uncountable nouns with different meanings

Some nouns can be used either countably or uncountably, but with different meanings.

Compare

Countable use	Uncountable use
We bought a new iron and an ironing board.	People believed that ships made of iron would sink.
I broke a glass yesterday.	The table was made of hardened glass.
Would you like a chocolate?	Would you like some chocolate?
Let’s get a paper and see what’s on at the cinema.	The printer has run out of paper.
‘Hamlet’ is one of Shakespeare’s most famous works.	I had work to do so I couldn’t go out.

 

Uncountable nouns used countably

Measures and examples

Sometimes uncountable nouns are used countably, to mean ‘a measure of something’ or ‘a type or example of something’:

Can I have two teas and one coffee, please? (two cups of tea and one cup of coffee …?)

A:

How many sugars do you want in your tea? (How many spoonfuls/lumps of sugar?)

B:

Just one, please.

To some degree we tend to eat the foods that we ate as children. (i.e. types of food)

Abstract nouns

Some abstract nouns can be used uncountably or countably. The uncountable use has a more general meaning. The countable use has a more particular meaning.

Nouns of this type include: education, experience, hatred, help, knowledge, life, love, sleep, time, understanding.

Compare

uncountable use	countable use
Good education is the best investment in Britain’s future. (education in general)	The first daughter had a very expensive education at a private school in France. (the time one person spent at school)
Love is like a physical pain for some people. (love in general/all love)	I’ve always had a love of poetry, ever since I was a child. (a specific liking for something)
They have a quiz every week, with questions about generalknowledge. (all knowledge/knowledge in general)	The job requires a knowledge of statistics and basic computing. (a specific type of knowledge)
Time passes more and more quickly as you grow older. (time in general)	We had a great time in Ibiza. We didn’t want to come home. (a specific period of time)

9 Awesome Science Tricks Using Static Electricity!

9 Awesome Science Tricks Using Static Electricity!

Uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns

In English grammar, some things are seen as a whole or mass. These are called uncountable nouns, because they cannot be separated or counted.

Some examples of uncountable nouns are:

Ideas and experiences: advice, information, progress, news, luck, fun, work

Materials and substances: water, rice, cement, gold, milk

Weather words: weather, thunder, lightning, rain, snow

Names for groups or collections of things: furniture, equipment, rubbish, luggage

Other common uncountable nouns include: accommodation, baggage, homework, knowledge, money, permission, research, traffic, travel.

These nouns are not used with a/an or numbers and are not used in the plural.

We’re going to get new furniture for the living room.

Not: We’re going to get a new furniture for the living room. or We’re going to get new furnitures for the living room.

We had terrible weather last week.

Not: We had a terrible weather last week.

We need rice next time we go shopping.

Some nouns always have plural form but they are uncountable because we cannot use numbers with them.

I bought two pairs of trousers.

Not: I bought two trousers.

Other nouns of this type are: shorts, pants, pyjamas, glasses (for the eyes), binoculars, scissors.

Warning:

Some nouns which are uncountable in English are countable in other languages (e.g. accommodation, advice, furniture, information):

They can give you some information about accommodation at the tourist office.

Not: They can give you some informations about accommodations at the tourist office.

Can you give me some advice about buying a second-hand car?

Not: Can you give me some advices about buying a second-hand car?

A good learner’s dictionary will tell you whether a noun is countable or uncountable.

Quantity expressions (a bit/piece)

To refer to one or more quantities of an uncountable noun, expressions such as a bit of, a piece of, an item of or words for containers and measures must be used:

He bought a very expensive piece of furniture for his new apartment.

Maggie always has some exciting bits of news when she comes to see us.

I think we’ll need five bags of cement for the patio.

There’s a litre of milk in the fridge for you. And I bought you a bar of chocolate.

Determiners (my, some, the)

Uncountable nouns can be used with certain determiners (e.g. my, her, some, any, no, the, this, that) and expressions of quantity (e.g. a lot of, (a) little):

They gave me some information about courses and scholarships and things.

Have you heard the news? Fran’s getting engaged.

She’s been studying hard and has made a lot of progress.

There’s no work to do here, so you can go home if you like.

This milk’s a bit old, I’m afraid.

See also:

• Determiners (the, my, some, this)

Countable phrases for uncountable nouns

We can sometimes use countable noun phrases to talk about an individual example of the thing an uncountable noun refers to.

uncountable	countable
accommodation	a house, a flat, a place to live, a place to stay
baggage/luggage	a suitcase, a bag, a rucksack
bread	a loaf (of bread), a (bread) roll
lightning	a flash of lightning
luck	a stroke of luck
money	a note, a coin, a sum of money, a euro, a dollar
poetry	a poem
rain	a shower, a downpour, a storm
travel	a journey, a trip
work	a job, a task

Finding a place to live is difficult if you’re a student and you’ve got no money. (or Finding accommodation …)

Not: Finding an accommodation …

She brought two big suitcases and a rucksack with her.

Not: She brought two big luggages …

I read a poem once about someone riding a horse at night.

Not: I read a poetry …

We went on a trip to the Amazon when we were in Brazil.

Not: We went on a travel …

 

Introduction To Physics

Introduction To Physics 

Temperatures

Temperatures 

Three Big Temperature Scales

Since we're going to be talking about heat, temperatures, and energy, we wanted to introduce you to how temperature is measured. The big three are Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin. Even though scientists may use only a few scales to measure temperature, there are dozens of types of devices that measure temperatures. All of these devices are called thermometers because they measure temperature. There are thermometers to measure your body temperature, the temperature in your oven, and even the temperature of liquid oxygen. 

Fahrenheit is the Classic

Fahrenheit is the classic English system of measuring temperatures. Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit and boils at 212 degrees. The scale was created by Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit in 1724 and divides the difference between the boiling point and freezing point of water into 180 equal degrees. You will probably be asked to convert temperatures back and forth from Fahrenheit to Celsius. Here's the formula: (Fahrenheit-32)*5/9=Celsius. 

Celsius Based on Water

Celsius is the modern system of measuring temperature. It fits in with much of the metric system and has nice round numbers. In Celsius, we call the freezing point of water 0 degrees Celsius, and the boiling point 100 degrees Celsius. Then the scale is divided into 100 equal degrees between those two points. The scale used to be known as centigrade but the name was changed several years ago. Both Celsius and Fahrenheit are used when discussing our day-to-day weather temperatures. Celsius degrees are larger than Fahrenheit degrees. 

Kelvin to Absolute Zero

Kelvin is an important scale used in most of science. The big difference is that it is based on a single point (absolute zero) which is given a value of 0 degrees. From there, the scale increases by degrees that are the same size as Celsius degrees. It is a scale that is based on energy content, rather than on arbitrary temperature values like the other two scale (based on water). Water freezes at the value 273.15 and boils at 373.15 Kelvin. The word "Kelvin" comes from Lord Kelvin, who did a lot of work with temperatures. 

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics

Heat and Thermal Energy

When scientists originally studied thermodynamics, they were really studying heat and thermal energy. Heat can do anything: move from one area to another, get atoms excited, and even increase energy. Did we say energy? That's what heat is. When you increase the heat in a system, you are really increasing the amount of energy in the system. Now that you understand that fact, you can see that the study of thermodynamics is the study of the amount of energy moving in and out of systems. 

Heat of Atoms

Now all of this energy is moving around the world. You need to remember that it all happens on a really small scale. Energy that is transferred is at an atomic level. Atoms and molecules are transmitting these tiny amounts of energy. When heat moves from one area to another, it's because millions of atoms and molecules are working together. Those millions of pieces become the energy flow throughout the entire planet. 

Heat Movement

Heat moves from one system to another because of differences in the temperatures of the systems. If you have two identical systems with equal temperatures, there will be no flow of energy. When you have two systems with different temperatures, the energy will start to flow. Air mass of high pressure forces large numbers of molecules into areas of low pressure. Areas of high temperature give off energy to areas with lower temperature. There is a constant flow of energy throughout the universe. Heat is only one type of that energy.